I recently tried to figure out when volcanic winters became a well known phenomenon. It turns out the first person to propose the link between climate and volcanic eruptions was Benjamin Franklin. However, from what I found I don't think it was until the 1980s that the link between the two started to become well understood and accepted. This article from 1982 I have uploaded is one of the earliest I could find that examines Franklin's hypothesis about the 1783 eruption in Iceland being responsible for a colder winter. Also some interesting stuff in here about how there were only two people in the USA in 1783 who kept accurate temperature logs, one of them being Thomas Jefferson.
doi:10.1029/EO063i032p00601 (requires subscription)